1.关于电的科学知识
关于“电”的十个小常识一、电的旅程有哪些环节？发电——变电——输电——变电——用电①电力输送的源头：发电②电力输送的媒介：输电③电力输送的终端：用电通过发电厂发出电，进入变电站把电压升高，以便电能可以送得更远，线路通过输电铁塔输送到远方。
再通过变电站将电压降低，以便工厂和大型商场使用，再通过变压器将电压降得更低，以便家庭使用。二、电的速度有多快？输电是继公路、铁路、水路、航空和管道运输之后的“第六种运输方式”。
电场以每秒30 万公里的光速传输，发电、输电、配电、用电同时完成。为了可靠地供电和优化资源，降低用电成本，我们将输电线路联成一个大电网，供人们使用。
电场的传播速度每秒钟可以绕地球差不多8圈。三、为什么要变压？人们可以把水储蓄在罐子中，可是电无法储存，必须在一瞬间制造它，并通过电线输送。
为让电流能输送更远，就要给电增加电压。电流从升压变电站里流出后，就会进入高压线。
高压线远离地面，架设在巨大的铁塔上，将电流从发电站送往各地。四、可发电的能源有哪些？可发电的能源主要分为传统能源和可再生能源。
我国目前主要以传统能源发电为主。传统能源包括煤、石油、天然气等；可再生能源包括核能、水能、地热能、太阳能、风能等。
五、什么是“西电东送”？我 国西部地区水力资源丰富，缺乏开发；东部地区经济发达，缺乏能源。通过“西电东送”这一能源发展战略，开发西部水电、火电，输送到电力紧缺的东部地区，既 为西部省区把电力资源优势转化为经济优势提供了新的历史机遇，又缓解了东部电力紧缺的现状，促进大范围的资源优化配置，达到有限资源的最佳利用。
六、为什么要巡线？线 路工人沿着电线塔巡视，检查设备是否完整，若有被损坏就要及时报告上级部门，进行抢修，以免耽误电源的正常输送。因为有些线路要跨越山河，或在崇山峻岭之 间，巡线工作十分艰苦。
超高压巡线员登上高压线后，脚下的电缆离地面最近距离为12米，最高则达800米。心理素质和体能要绝对过硬。
七、输电线路遇到冰雪灾害怎么办？暴风雪会使电线上结出凝冰，有的铁塔因为不堪承受冰雪的重力，倒塌在地。现在最新研发的直流融冰装置，安装在覆冰线路上，冰雪就可以一点点融化。
八、高压线有辐射吗？很多人会疑惑输变电设施周围的电磁环境是否安全。其实，我国的输变电设施的电力频率是50赫兹，只有频率超过3000 赫兹的电力才会以电磁波形式传播形成辐射，因此大家不用担心变电站或高压电线对健康安全产生影响。
九、1度电能做什么？最能跑的1 度电：电动自行车跑约80 公里最凉爽的1 度电：普通电风扇运行约15 小时最清洁的1 度电：9 瓦的节能灯亮超过100 小时最娱乐的1 度电：看电视约10 小时最解渴的1 度电：烧开水约8 升最消暑的1 度电：生产啤酒约15 瓶最保暖的1 度电：织布约10 米十、如果每人每天节约1度电，会有怎样的效果？我国13.3 亿人口，一年能节约13.3亿度电，假设1 度电0.61 元，则13.3*365 = 4854.5 亿度；4854.5*0.61 ≈ 2961.2亿元。以广州每年用电637.51 亿度计，4854.5÷637.51 ≈ 7.6 年，一年节约的电够广州用7.6年。
发1度电需要用0.3 千克标准煤，会产生0.8 千克二氧化碳。按上述算法：4854.5*0.8 = 3883.6 亿千克= 3.8836 亿吨，可以减少3.8836亿吨二氧化碳排放。
2.关于电能的知识
Total Energy Production refers to the total production of primary energy by all energy producing enterprises in the country in a given period of time. It is a comprehensive indicator to show the capacity, scale, composition and development of energy production of the country. The production of primary energy includes that of coal, crude oil, natural gas, hydro-power and electricity generated by nuclear energy and other means such as wind power and geothermal power. However, it excludes the production of fuels of low calorific value, bio-energy, solar energy and the secondary energy converted from the primary energy.Total Domestic Energy Consumption refers to the total consumption of energy of various kinds by material production sectors, non material production sectors and households in the country in a given period of time. It is a comprehensive indicator to show the scale, composition and development of energy consumption. The total energy consumption includes that of coal, crude oil and their products, natural gas and electricity, However, it excludes the consumption of fuel of low calorific value, bio-energy and solar energy. Total domestic energy consumption can be divided into three parts:(1)Final Energy Consumption: It refers to the total energy consumption by material production sectors, non material production sectors and households in the country (region) in a given period of time, but excludes the consumption in conversion of the primary energy into the secondary energy and the loss in the process of energy conversion.(2)Loss During the Process of Energy Conversion: It refers to the total input of various kinds of energy for conversion, minus the total output of various kinds of energy in the country in a given period of time. It is an indicator to show the loss that occurs during the process of energy conversion.(3)Loss: It refers to the total of the loss of energy during the course of energy transport, distribution and storage and the loss caused by any objective reason in a given period of time. The loss of various kinds of gas due to gas discharges and stocktaking is excluded.Elasticity Ratio of Energy Production is an indicator to show the relationship between the growth rate of energy production and the growth rate of the national economy. The formula is:Elasticity Ratio of Energy Production = Average Annual Growth Rate of Energy Production Average Annual Growth Rate of National EconomyThe average annual growth rate of the national economy can be shown by the gross national product, gross domestic product and other indicators, depending upon the purposes or needs. The gross domestic product is used in calculation of the ratio in this chapter.Elasticity Ratio of Electricity Production is an indicator to show the relationship between the growth rate of electricity production and the growth rate of the national economy. Generally speaking, the growth rate of electricity production should be higher than that of the national economy.Its formula is:Elasticity Ratio of Electricity Production = Average Annual Growth Rate of Electricity Production Average Annual Growth Rate of National EconomyElasticity Ratio of Energy Consumption is an indicator to show the relationship between the growth rate of energy consumption and the growth rate of the national economy. The formula is: Elasticity Ratio of Energy Consumption = Average Annual Growth Rate of Energy Consumption Average Annual Growth Rate of National EconomyElasticity Ratio of Electricity Consumption is an indicator to show the relationship between the growth rate of electricity consumption and the growth rate of the national economy. The formula is:Elasticity Ratio of Electricity Consumption = Average Annual Growth Rate of Electricity Average Annual Growth Rate of National EconomyEfficiency of Energy Processing and Conversion refers to the ratio of the total output of energy products of various kinds after processing and conversion and the total input of energy of various kinds for processing and conversion in the same reference period. It is an important indicator to show the current conditions of energy processing and conversion equipment, production technique and management. The formula is:Efficiency of Energy Processing & Conversion = Output of Energy After Processing & Conversion / Input of Energy for Processing & Conversion*100%。
3.关于电能的知识
Total Energy Production refers to the total production of primary energy by all energy producing enterprises in the country in a given period of time. It is a comprehensive indicator to show the capacity, scale, composition and development of energy production of the country. The production of primary energy includes that of coal, crude oil, natural gas, hydro-power and electricity generated by nuclear energy and other means such as wind power and geothermal power. However, it excludes the production of fuels of low calorific value, bio-energy, solar energy and the secondary energy converted from the primary energy.Total Domestic Energy Consumption refers to the total consumption of energy of various kinds by material production sectors, non material production sectors and households in the country in a given period of time. It is a comprehensive indicator to show the scale, composition and development of energy consumption. The total energy consumption includes that of coal, crude oil and their products, natural gas and electricity, However, it excludes the consumption of fuel of low calorific value, bio-energy and solar energy. Total domestic energy consumption can be divided into three parts:(1)Final Energy Consumption: It refers to the total energy consumption by material production sectors, non material production sectors and households in the country (region) in a given period of time, but excludes the consumption in conversion of the primary energy into the secondary energy and the loss in the process of energy conversion.(2)Loss During the Process of Energy Conversion: It refers to the total input of various kinds of energy for conversion, minus the total output of various kinds of energy in the country in a given period of time. It is an indicator to show the loss that occurs during the process of energy conversion.(3)Loss: It refers to the total of the loss of energy during the course of energy transport, distribution and storage and the loss caused by any objective reason in a given period of time. The loss of various kinds of gas due to gas discharges and stocktaking is excluded.Elasticity Ratio of Energy Production is an indicator to show the relationship between the growth rate of energy production and the growth rate of the national economy. The formula is:Elasticity Ratio of Energy Production = Average Annual Growth Rate of Energy Production Average Annual Growth Rate of National EconomyThe average annual growth rate of the national economy can be shown by the gross national product, gross domestic product and other indicators, depending upon the purposes or needs. The gross domestic product is used in calculation of the ratio in this chapter.Elasticity Ratio of Electricity Production is an indicator to show the relationship between the growth rate of electricity production and the growth rate of the national economy. Generally speaking, the growth rate of electricity production should be higher than that of the national economy.Its formula is:Elasticity Ratio of Electricity Production = Average Annual Growth Rate of Electricity Production Average Annual Growth Rate of National EconomyElasticity Ratio of Energy Consumption is an indicator to show the relationship between the growth rate of energy consumption and the growth rate of the national economy. The formula is: Elasticity Ratio of Energy Consumption = Average Annual Growth Rate of Energy Consumption Average Annual Growth Rate of National EconomyElasticity Ratio of Electricity Consumption is an indicator to show the relationship between the growth rate of electricity consumption and the growth rate of the national economy. The formula is:Elasticity Ratio of Electricity Consumption = Average Annual Growth Rate of Electricity Average Annual Growth Rate of National EconomyEfficiency of Energy Processing and Conversion refers to the ratio of the total output of energy products of various kinds after processing and conversion and the total input of energy of various kinds for processing and conversion in the same reference period. It is an important indicator to show the current conditions of energy processing and conversion equipment, production technique and management. The formula is:Efficiency of Energy Processing & Conversion = Output of Energy After Processing & Conversion / Input of Energy for Processing & Conversion*100%。
4.有关节电的科技小常识
水母网 日期： 2008-06-20 来源： 烟台日报 1：电视机：电视机使用时，控制电视屏幕的亮度、声音是节电的一个途径。
另外，声音大比声音小耗电。 2：电冰箱：电冰箱的冷藏室温度定为5度比定为8度每月多耗10多度电，而且保温效果差，一般食物保鲜效果为8度-10度最佳。
此外，及时除霜，每月可省电5度至20度。 3：空调器：空调器夏季温度设定在26℃-28℃，冬季设定在16℃-18℃，这样既可节约能源还可防止“空调病”的发生。
此外，每月一次清洗滤网，可节电10%至30%。 4：节能灯：将普通白炽灯换成节能灯，可以比白炽灯节电70%-80%，使用寿命是白炽灯的8-10倍。
谭利明 整理。
5.关于科普知识
随着电池的广泛运用，废旧电池给人们带来的麻烦日益增多。
而对废旧电池增多的问题，我们该如何处理，现阶段人们主要是一扔了事。 于是对废旧电池的处理也就成为了人们关注的问题之一。
我们所要研究的便是废旧电池的回收利用。 一、电池的危害 大部分电池中都含有汞，当它们废弃在地球表面时，多层金属会氧化锈蚀。
汞便会慢慢地从电池中溢出来，进入土壤或下渗到地下水中，再通过农作物或饮水进人人体，损伤人的肾脏。此处，汞还可以转化为无机汞，无机汞在微生物作用下转变成甲基汞聚集在鱼类的身体中，人食用了这种鱼后，甲基汞便会对人脑细胞造成危害，使人的神经严重破坏，重者甚至会发疯致死。
轰动一时的日本水俣病事件就是甲基汞所致。一节一号电池烂在地里，它溢出来的汞足以使l平方米的土壤永久性丧失农用价值。
据专家测定一节一号电池能污染60万立方米的水。 危害如此之大，解决这个问题已势在必行。
二、电池的回收 回收的意义：电池的回收能减少环境污染，降低某些疾病的发生率，同时也能节约能源，实现可持续发展。 要解决电池的污染问题，对人类现在来讲，不管是资金还是技术上都存在着困难。
所以我们只能降低电池对环境造成的危害。我们要做的便是将废旧电池回收。
. 对于电池的回收，我们可以采取在街道设置回收箱的形式，或者在社会各地建立废电池回收站，如在大城市的超市、商店等地设置废旧电池回收点。与此同时，我们还要加强人们对电池危害性的认识，形成自觉收集、上交废旧电池的观念和意识。
据悉，连上海、北京这样的大城市，废旧电池的回收率都只达1%。当然，也有可能是许多大城市中的市民已了解和认识到电池的危害，然而多数人还是为了图方便抱着“反正我只扔一个不要紧”的想法将废旧电池一扔了之。
在一次对上海30名市民进行的“废旧电池如何处理”的调查中，有31%的市民随手扔掉，68%的人扔进垃圾箱，仅有l%的人上交到专门的废旧电池回收箱。这其中也有许多人，有上交废旧电池的意识，却不知道应交到何处。
这就意味着我们要形成专门的废旧电池回收组织。 因此，我们提出以下倡议： 1.以政府名义建立专门的废旧电池回收部门，大力防止电池对环境的污染；并将废旧电池聚集起来，统一处理，以减小对环境的危害。
2.-以各单位（如机关、部队、学校、工厂、饭店、旅馆等）行政系统为中心，建立废旧电池回收网，督促各单位每个成员、居民积极参加回收废旧电池的活动，由网络负责人（曲行政单位选取一人或几人）回收本单位、辖区的废旧电池并将其送到接纳和再利用废旧电池的责任部门。 3.责成各群众团体（工会、青年团、学生会、妇联等）组织号召各自成员积极参加回收废旧电池的行动，把回收废旧电池活动纳入各自团体组织的经常内容。
4.由有关单位（市场管理部门）在各小商品市场（特别是外来人口集中的商品市场）组织商贩把回收废旧电池的活动开展起来，并把其作为市场管理部门的一项重要任务。 5.在农村乡镇特别是村委会负责开展农村废旧电池的回收工作（农村用电池数量并不少，废旧电池扔在地面上对农村水源有直接影响，许多农村地区还在饮用井水）。
6.建立有关回收废旧电池的专门奖惩制度，做得好的予以奖励，反之则严惩不贷。面对回收来的电池，我们应该怎样处理呢？ 三、废旧电池的再利用 首先，让我们来了解二下电池的组成。
任何一种电池都由四个基本部件组成。四个基本部件是指两组不同材料的电解质、电极、隔膜和外壳。
干电池、充电电池电锌皮（铁皮）、碳棒、汞、硫酸化合物、铜帽等构成；蓄电池则以铅的化合物为主。 关于再利用这个问题，我们在网上查找到一篇关于访问中国环境科学学会固体废物专业委员会主任蓝嗣国的文章。
内容如下（有删节）： 记：您好！蓝老师。最近有不少企业、媒体和读者纷纷与我们联系，想要了解废旧电池回收与利用方面的一些情况，作为这一领域的专家，您能否给大家介绍一下我国干电池生产、消费、回收和再利用现状？ 蓝：我国是世界上头号干电池生产和消费大国，统计资料表明：1980年我国干电池产量就已超过美国跃居世界第一；1998年我国干电池生产量达到140亿只；同年世界干电池总产量约300亿只。
随意扔弃干电池，不仅污染环境，而且浪费资源。 以每年生产100亿只干电池计算，全年将消耗15.6、万吨锌，22.6刀吨二氧化锰、2080吨铜、2.7万吨氯化锌、7.9万吨氯化铵、4.3万吨碳棒。
因此，实行废旧干电池回收利用，利国利民，势在必行。 记：当今国内废旧干电池处理利用方式主要有哪几种？‘ 蓝：目前，国内主要的处理方式有4种，人工分选、干法、湿法和干湿法。
人工分选回收利用法，就是将回收的废旧干电池，先进行分类， 人工分选出碳棒、铜、帽、锌皮以及各种残留物，并分类用相应的方法予以处理，这种方法简单易行，但使用的劳动力多，经济效益差。所谓干法，也叫烟法或火法，就是对废旧干电池分类筛选，破碎后，和人焙烧炉中，在600—800度下焙烧，将排出的气体冷凝后提取汞，再将焙烧剩余物放人回转窑，在1 100—1300度下低烧，从烟气中回收氧化。
